System information | Command | Description | # arch | show architecture of machine(1) | # cal 2007 | show the timetable of 2007 | # cat /proc/cpuinfo | show information CPU info | # cat /proc/interrupts | show interrupts | # cat /proc/meminfo | verify memory use | # cat /proc/swaps | show file(s) swap | # cat /proc/version | show version of the kernel | # cat /proc/net/dev | show network adpters and statistics | # cat /proc/mounts | show mounted file system(s) | # clock -w | save date changes on BIOS | # date | show system date | # date 041217002007.00 | set date and time - MonthDayhoursMinutesYear.Seconds | # dmidecode -q | show hardware system components - (SMBIOS / DMI) | # hdparm -i /dev/hda | displays the characteristics of a hard-disk | # hdparm -tT /dev/sda | perform test reading on a hard-disk | # lspci -tv | display PCI devices | # lsusb -tv | show USB devices | # uname -m | show architecture of machine(2) | # uname -r | show used kernel version |
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Shutdown, Restart and Logout of a system | Command | Description | # init 0 | | # logout | leaving session | # reboot | | # shutdown -h now | | # shutdown -h 16:30 & | planned shutdown of the system | # shutdown -c | cancel a planned shutdown of the system | # shutdown -r now | | # telinit 0 | |
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| Command | Description | # cd /home | enter to directory '/ home' | # cd .. | | # cd ../.. | | # cd | | # cd ~user1 | | # cd - | | # cp file1 file2 | | # cp dir/* . | copy all files of a directory within the current work directory | # cp -a /tmp/dir1 . | copy a directory within the current work directory | # cp -a dir1 dir2 | | # cp file file1 | outputs the mime type of the file as text | # iconv -l | | # iconv -f fromEncoding -t toEncoding inputFile > outputFile | converting the coding of characters from one format to another | # find . -maxdepth 1 -name *.jpg -print -exec convert | batch resize files in the current directory and send them to a thumbnails directory (requires convert from Imagemagick) | # ln -s file1 lnk1 | create a symbolic link to file or directory | # ln file1 lnk1 | create a physical link to file or directory | # ls | | # ls -F | | # ls -l | show details of files and directory | # ls -a | | # ls * 0-9 * | show files and directory containing numbers | # lstree | show files and directories in a tree starting from root(2) | # mkdir dir1 | create a directory called 'dir1' | # mkdir dir1 dir2 | create two directories simultaneously | # mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2 | | # mv dir1 new_dir | rename / move a file or directory | # pwd | show the path of work directory | # rm -f file1 | delete file called 'file1' | # rm -rf dir1 | remove a directory called 'dir1' and contents recursively | # rm -rf dir1 dir2 | remove two directories and their contents recursively | # rmdir dir1 | delete directory called 'dir1' | # touch -t 0712250000 file1 | modify timestamp of a file or directory - (YYMMDDhhmm) | # tree | show files and directories in a tree starting from root(1) |
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| Command | Description | # find / -name file1 | search file and directory into root filesystem from '/' | # find / -user user1 | search files and directories belonging to 'user1' | # find /home/user1 -name \*.bin | search files with '. bin' extension within directory '/ home/user1' | # find /usr/bin -type f -atime +100 | search binary files are not used in the last 100 days | # find /usr/bin -type f -mtime -10 | search files created or changed within 10 days | # find / -name *.rpm -exec chmod 755 '{}' \; | search files with '.rpm' extension and modify permits | # find / -xdev -name \*.rpm | search files with '.rpm' extension ignoring removable partitions as cdrom, pen-drive, etc.… | # locate \*.ps | find files with the '.ps' extension - first run 'updatedb' com d | # whereis halt | show location of a binary file, source or | # which halt | show full path to a binary / executable |
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| Com d | Description | # fuser -km /mnt/hda2 | force umount when the device is busy | # mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2 | mount disk called hda2 - verify existence of the directory '/ mnt/hda2' | # mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy | | # mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom | | # mount /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrecorder | | # mount /dev/hdb /mnt/cdrecorder | | # mount -o loop file.iso /mnt/cdrom | mount a file or iso image | # mount -t vfat /dev/hda5 /mnt/hda5 | mount a Windows FAT32 file system | # mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usbdisk | mount a usb pen-drive or flash-drive | # mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //WinClient/share /mnt/share | mount a windows network share | # umount /dev/hda2 | unmount disk called hda2 - exit from mount point '/ mnt/hda2' first | # umount -n /mnt/hda2 | run umount without writing the file /etc/mtab - useful when the file is read-only or the hard disk is full |
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| Command | Description | # df -h | show list of partitions mounted | # dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}t${Package}n' | sort -k1,1n | show the used space by installed deb packages, sorting by size (debian, ubuntu and alike) | # du -sh dir1 | estimate space used by directory 'dir1' | # du -sk * | sort -rn | show size of the files and directories sorted by size | # ls -lSr |more | show size of the files and directories ordered by size | # rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}t%{NAME}n' | sort -k1,1n | show space used by rpm packages installed sorted by size (fedora, redhat and like) |
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| Command | Description | # chage -E 2005-12-31 user1 | set deadline for user password | # groupadd group | | # groupdel group | | # groupmod -n moon sun | rename a group from moon to sun | # grpck | check correct syntax and file format of '/etc/group' and groups existence | # newgrp - group | log into a new group to change default group of newly created files | # passwd | | # passwd user1 | change a user password (only by root) | # pwck | check correct syntax and file format of '/etc/passwd' and users existence | # useradd -c "User Linux" -g admin -d /home/user1 -s /bin/bash user1 | create a new user "user1" belongs "admin" group | # useradd user1 | | # userdel -r user1 | delete a user ( '-r' eliminates home directory) | # usermod -c "User FTP" -g system -d /ftp/user1 -s /bin/nologin user1 | |
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Command
| Description | # chgrp group1 file1 | | # chmod ugo+rwx directory1 | set permissions reading (r), write (w) and (x) access to users owner (u) group (g) and others (o) | # chmod go-rwx directory1 | remove permits reading (r), write (w) and (x) access to users group (g) and others (or | # chmod u+s /bin/file1 | set SUID bit on a binary file - the user that running that file gets same privileges as owner | # chmod u-s /bin/file1 | disable SUID bit on a binary file | # chmod g+s /home/public | set SGID bit on a directory - similar to SUID but for directory | # chmod g-s /home/public | disable SGID bit on a directory | # chmod o+t /home/public | set STIKY bit on a directory - allows files deletion only to legitimate owners | # chmod o-t /home/public | disable STIKY bit on a directory | # chown user1 file1 | | # chown -R user1 directory1 | change user owner of a directory and all the files and directories contained inside | # chown user1:group1 file1 | change user and group ownership of a file | # find / -perm -u+s | view all files on the system with SUID configured | # ls -lh | | # ls /tmp | pr -T5 -W$COLUMNS | divide terminal into 5 columns |
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Special Attributes on files | Command | Description | # chattr +a file1 | allows write opening of a file only append mode | # chattr +c file1 | allows that a file is compressed / decompressed automatically by the kernel | # chattr +d file1 | makes sure that the program ignores Dump the files during backup | # chattr +i file1 | makes it an immutable file, which can not be removed, altered, renamed or linked | # chattr +s file1 | allows a file to be deleted safely | # chattr +S file1 | makes sure that if a file is modified changes are written in synchronous mode as with sync | # chattr +u file1 | allows you to recover the contents of a file even if it is canceled | # lsattr | |
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Archives and compressed files | Command | Description | # bunzip2 file1.bz2 | decompress a file called 'file1.bz2' | # bzip2 file1 | compress a file called 'file1' | # gunzip file1.gz | decompress a file called 'file1.gz' | # gzip file1 | compress a file called 'file1' | # gzip -9 file1 | compress with maximum compression | # rar a file1.rar test_file | create an archive rar called 'file1.rar' | # rar a file1.rar file1 file2 dir1 | compress 'file1', 'file2' and 'dir1' simultaneously | # rar x file1.rar | | # tar -cvf archive.tar file1 | create a uncompressed tarball | # tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1 | create an archive containing 'file1', 'file2' and 'dir1' | # tar -tf archive.tar | show contents of an archive | # tar -xvf archive.tar | | # tar -xvf archive.tar -C /tmp | extract a tarball into / tmp | # tar -cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1 | create a tarball compressed into bzip2 | # tar -xvfj archive.tar.bz2 | decompress a compressed tar archive in bzip2 | # tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1 | create a tarball compressed into gzip | # tar -xvfz archive.tar.gz | decompress a compressed tar archive in gzip | # unrar x file1.rar | | # unzip file1.zip | | # zip file1.zip file1 | create an archive compressed in zip | # zip -r file1.zip file1 file2 dir1 | compress in zip several files and directories simultaneously |
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RPM Packages ( Fedora, Red Hat and like) | Command | Description | # rpm -ivh package.rpm | | # rpm -ivh --nodeeps package.rpm | install a rpm package ignoring dependencies requests | # rpm -U package.rpm | upgrade a rpm package without changing configuration files | # rpm -F package.rpm | upgrade a rpm package only if it is already installed | # rpm -e package | | # rpm -qa | show all rpm packages installed on the system | # rpm -qa | grep httpd | show all rpm packages with the name "httpd" | # rpm -qi package | obtain information on a specific package installed | # rpm -qg "System Environment/Daemons" | show rpm packages of a group software | # rpm -ql package | show list of files provided by a rpm package installed | # rpm -qc package | show list of configuration files provided by a rpm package installed | # rpm -q package --whatrequires | show list of dependencies required for a rpm packet | # rpm -q package --whatprovides | show capability provided by a rpm package | # rpm -q package --scripts | show scripts started during installation / removal | # rpm -q package --changelog | show history of revisions of a rpm package | # rpm -qf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf | verify which rpm package belongs to a given file | # rpm -qp package.rpm -l | show list of files provided by a rpm package not yet installed | # rpm --import /media/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY | import public-key digital signature | # rpm --checksig package.rpm | verify the integrity of a rpm package | # rpm -qa gpg-pubkey | verify integrity of all rpm packages installed | # rpm -V package | check file size, permissions, type, owner, group, MD5 checksum and last modification | # rpm -Va | check all rpm packages installed on the system - use with caution | # rpm -Vp package.rpm | verify a rpm package not yet installed | # rpm -ivh /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/`arch`/ package.rpm | install a package built from a rpm source | # rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio --extract --make-directories *bin* | extract executable file from a rpm package | # rpmbuild --rebuild package.src.rpm | build a rpm package from a rpm source |
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YUM packages tool (Fedora, RedHat and alike) | Command | Description | # yum -y install package | download and install a rpm package | # yum localinstall package.rpm | That will install an RPM, and try to resolve all the dependencies for you using your repositories. | # yum -y update | update all rpm packages installed on the system | # yum update package | | # yum remove package | | # yum list | list all packages installed on the system | # yum search package | find a package on rpm repository | # yum clean package | clean up rpm cache erasing downloaded packages | # yum clean headers | remove all files headers that the system uses to resolve dependency | # yum clean all | remove from the cache packages and headers files |
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DEB packages (Debian, Ubuntu and like) | Command | Description | # dpkg -i package.deb | install / upgrade a deb package | # dpkg -r package | remove a deb package from the system | # dpkg -l | show all deb packages installed on the system | # dpkg -l | grep httpd | show all deb packages with the name "httpd" | # dpkg -s package | obtain information on a specific package installed on system | # dpkg -L package | show list of files provided by a package installed on system | # dpkg --contents package.deb | show list of files provided by a package not yet installed | # dpkg -S /bin/ping | verify which package belongs to a given file |
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APT packages tool (Debian, Ubuntu and alike) | Command | Description | # apt-cache search package | returns list of packages which corresponds string "searched-packages" | # apt-cdrom install package | install / upgrade a deb package from cdrom | # apt-get install package | install / upgrade a deb package | # apt-get update | | # apt-get upgrade | upgrade all of the installed packages | # apt-get remove package | remove a deb package from system | # apt-get check | verify correct resolution of dependencies | # apt-get clean | clean up cache from packages downloaded |
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PAC packages tool (Arch, Frugalware and alike) | Command | Description | # pac -S name | Install package 'name' with dependencies | # pac -R name | Delete package 'name' and all files of it |
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| Command | Description | # cat file1 | view the contents of a file starting from the first row | # head -2 file1 | view first two lines of a file | # less file1 | similar to 'more' com d but which allows backward movement in the file as well as forward movement | # more file1 | view content of a file along | # tac file1 | view the contents of a file starting from the last line | # tail -2 file1 | view last two lines of a file | # tail -f /var/log/messages | view in real time what is added to a file |
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| Command | Description | # cat example.txt | awk 'NR%2==1' | remove all even lines from example.txt | # echo a b c | awk '{print $1}' | view the first column of a line | # echo a b c | awk '{print $1,$3}' | view the first and third column of a line | # cat -n file1 | | # comm -1 file1 file2 | compare contents of two files by deleting only unique lines from 'file1' | # comm -2 file1 file2 | compare contents of two files by deleting only unique lines from 'file2' | # comm -3 file1 file2 | compare contents of two files by deleting only the lines that appear on both files | # diff file1 file2 | find differences between two files | # grep Aug /var/log/messages | look up words "Aug" on file '/var/log/messages' | # grep ^Aug /var/log/messages | look up words that begin with "Aug" on file '/var/log/messages' | # grep 0-9 /var/log/messages | select from file '/var/log/messages' all lines that contain numbers | # grep Aug -R /var/log/* | search string "Aug" at directory '/var/log' and below | # paste file1 file2 | merging contents of two files for columns | # paste -d '+' file1 file2 | merging contents of two files for columns with '+' delimiter on the center | # sdiff file1 file2 | find differences between two files and merge interactively alike "diff" | # sed 's/string1/string2/g' example.txt | replace "string1" with "string2" in example.txt | # sed '/^$/d' example.txt | remove all blank lines from example.txt | # sed '/ *#/d; /^$/d' example.txt | remove comments and blank lines from example.txt | # sed -e '1d' exampe.txt | eliminates the first line from file example.txt | # sed -n '/string1/p' | view only lines that contain the word "string1" | # sed -e 's/ *$//' example.txt | remove empty characters at the end of each row | # sed -e 's/string1//g' example.txt | remove only the word "string1" from text and leave intact all | # sed -n '1,5p' example.txt | print from 1th to 5th row of example.txt | # sed -n '5p;5q' example.txt | print row number 5 of example.txt | # sed -e 's/00*/0/g' example.txt | replace more zeros with a single zero | # sort file1 file2 | sort contents of two files | # sort file1 file2 | uniq | sort contents of two files omitting lines repeated | # sort file1 file2 | uniq -u | sort contents of two files by viewing only unique line | # sort file1 file2 | uniq -d | sort contents of two files by viewing only duplicate line | # echo 'word' | tr ' :lower: ' ' :upper: ' | convert from lower case in upper case |
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Character set and Format file conversion | Command | Description | # dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt | convert a text file format from MSDOS to UNIX | # recode ..HTML < page.txt > page.html | convert a text file to html | # recode -l | more | show all available formats conversion | # unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txt | convert a text file format from UNIX to MSDOS |
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| Command | Description | # badblocks -v /dev/hda1 | check bad blocks on disk hda1 | # dosfsck /dev/hda1 | repair / check integrity of dos filesystems on disk hda1 | # e2fsck /dev/hda1 | repair / check integrity of ext2 filesystem on disk hda1 | # e2fsck -j /dev/hda1 | repair / check integrity of ext3 filesystem on disk hda1 | # fsck /dev/hda1 | repair / check integrity of linux filesystem on disk hda1 | # fsck.ext2 /dev/hda1 | repair / check integrity of ext2 filesystem on disk hda1 | # fsck.ext3 /dev/hda1 | repair / check integrity of ext3 filesystem on disk hda1 | # fsck.vfat /dev/hda1 | repair / check integrity of fat filesystem on disk hda1 | # fsck.msdos /dev/hda1 | repair / check integrity of dos filesystem on disk hda1 |
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| Command | Description | # fdformat -n /dev/fd0 | | # mke2fs /dev/hda1 | create a filesystem type linux ext2 on hda1 partition | # mke2fs -j /dev/hda1 | create a filesystem type linux ext3 (journal) on hda1 partition | # mkfs /dev/hda1 | create a filesystem type linux on hda1 partition | # mkfs -t vfat 32 -F /dev/hda1 | create a FAT32 filesystem | # mkswap /dev/hda3 | |
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| Command | Description | # mkswap /dev/hda3 | | # swapon /dev/hda3 | activating a new swap partition | # swapon /dev/hda2 /dev/hdb3 | activate two swap partitions |
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| Command | Description | # find /var/log -name '*.log' | tar cv --files-from=- | bzip2 > log.tar.bz2 | find all files with '.log' extention and make an bzip archive | # find /home/user1 -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -av --target-directory=/home/backup/ --parents | find and copy all files with '.txt' extention from a directory to another | # dd bs=1M if=/dev/hda | gzip | ssh user@ip_addr 'dd of=hda.gz' | make a backup of a local hard disk on remote host via ssh | # dd if=/dev/sda of=/tmp/file1 | backup content of the harddrive to a file | # dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1 | make a copy of MBR (Master Boot Record) to floppy | # dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1 | restore MBR from backup copy saved to floppy | # dump -0aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home | make a full backup of directory '/home' | # dump -1aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home | make a incremental backup of directory '/home' | # restore -if /tmp/home0.bak | restoring a backup interactively | # rsync -rogpav --delete /home /tmp | synchronization between directories | # rsync -rogpav -e ssh --delete /home ip_address:/tmp | | # rsync -az -e ssh --delete ip_addr:/home/public /home/local | synchronize a local directory with a remote directory via ssh and compression | # rsync -az -e ssh --delete /home/local ip_addr:/home/public | synchronize a remote directory with a local directory via ssh and compression | # tar -Puf backup.tar /home/user | make a incremental backup of directory '/home/user' | # ( cd /tmp/local/ && tar c . ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/share/ && tar x -p' | copy content of a directory on remote directory via ssh | # ( tar c /home ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/backup-home && tar x -p' | copy a local directory on remote directory via ssh | # tar cf - . | (cd /tmp/backup ; tar xf - ) | local copy preserving permits and links from a directory to another |
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| Command | Description | # cd-paranoia -B | rip audio tracks from a CD to wav files | # cd-paranoia -- | rip first three audio tracks from a CD to wav files | # cdrecord -v gracetime=2 dev=/dev/cdrom -eject blank=fast -force | | # cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom cd.iso | | # gzip -dc cd_iso.gz | cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom - | burn a compressed ISO image | # cdrecord --scanbus | scan bus to identify the channel scsi | # dd if=/dev/hdc | md5sum | perform an md5sum on a device, like a CD | # mkisofs /dev/cdrom > cd.iso | create an iso image of cdrom on disk | # mkisofs /dev/cdrom | gzip > cd_iso.gz | create a compressed iso image of cdrom on disk | # mkisofs -J -allow-leading-dots -R -V | create an iso image of a directory | # mount -o loop cd.iso /mnt/iso | |
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| Command | Description | # dhclient eth0 | active interface 'eth0' in dhcp mode | # ethtool eth0 | show network statistics of eth0 | # host www.example.com | lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and viceversa | # hostname | | # ifconfig eth0 | show configuration of an ethernet network card | # ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 | | # ifconfig eth0 promisc | configure 'eth0' in promiscuous mode to gather packets (sniffing) | # ifdown eth0 | disable an interface 'eth0' | # ifup eth0 | activate an interface 'eth0' | # ip link show | show link status of all network interfaces | # iwconfig eth1 | | # iwlist scan | wifi scanning to display the wireless connections available | # mii-tool eth0 | show link status of 'eth0' | # netstat -tup | show all active network connections and their PID | # netstat -tupl | show all network services listening on the system and their PID | # netstat -rn | show routing table alike "route -n" | # nslookup www.example.com | lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and viceversa | # route -n | | # route add -net 0/0 gw IP_Gateway | configure default gateway | # route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1 | configure static route to reach network '192.168.0.0/16' | # route del 0/0 gw IP_gateway | | # echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward | | # tcpdump tcp port 80 | | # whois www.example.com | |
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Microsoft Windows networks (samba) | Command | Description | # mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //WinClient/share /mnt/share | mount a windows network share | # nbtscan ip_addr | | # nmblookup -A ip_addr | | # smbclient -L ip_addr/hostname | show remote shares of a windows host | # smbget -Rr smb://ip_addr/share | like wget can download files from a host windows via smb |
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| Command | Description | # iptables -t filter -L | show all chains of filtering table | # iptables -t nat -L | show all chains of nat table | # iptables -t filter -F | clear all rules from filtering table | # iptables -t nat -F | clear all rules from table nat | # iptables -t filter -X | delete any chains created by user | # iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp --dport telnet -j ACCEPT | allow telnet connections to input | # iptables -t filter -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport http -j DROP | block HTTP connections to output | # iptables -t filter -A FORWARD -p tcp --dport pop3 -j ACCEPT | allow POP3 connections to forward chain | # iptables -t filter -A INPUT -j LOG --log-prefix | | # iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE | configure a PAT (Port Address Traslation) on eth0 masking outbound packets | # iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -d 192.168.0.1 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -j DNAT --to-destination 10.0.0.2:22 | redirect packets addressed to a host to another host |
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| Command | Description | # free -m | displays status of RAM in megabytes | # kill -9 process_id | force closure of the process and finish it | # kill -1 process_id | force a process to reload configuration | # last reboot | | # lsmod | | # lsof -p process_id | display a list of files opened by processes | # lsof /home/user1 | displays a list of open files in a given path system | # ps -eafw | | # ps -e -o pid,args --forest | displays linux tasks in a hierarchical mode | # pstree | Shows a tree system processes | # smartctl -A /dev/hda | monitoring reliability of a hard-disk through SMART | # smartctl -i /dev/hda | check if SMART is active on a hard-disk | # strace -c ls >/dev/null | display system calls made and received by a process | # strace -f -e open ls >/dev/null | | # tail /var/log/dmesg | show events inherent to the process of booting kernel | # tail /var/log/messages | | # top | display linux tasks using most cpu | # watch -n1 'cat /proc/interrupts' | display interrupts in real-time |
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| Command | Description | # alias hh='history' | set an alias for a com d - hh = history | # apropos ...keyword | display a list of com ds that pertain to keywords of a program , useful when you know what your program does, but you don't know the name of the com d | # chsh | | # chsh --list-shells | nice com d to know if you have to remote into another box | # gpg -c file1 | encrypt a file with GNU Privacy Guard | # gpg file1.gpg | decrypt a file with GNU Privacy Guard | # ldd /usr/bin/ssh | show shared libraries required by ssh program | # ping | display the on-line ual pages for example on ping com d - use '-k' option to find any related com ds | # mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 `uname -r` | | # wget -r www.example.com | download an entire web site | # wget -c www.example.com/file.iso | download a file with the ability to stop the download and resume later | # echo 'wget -c www.example.com/files.iso' | at 09:00 | start a download at any given time | # whatis ...keyword | displays description of what a program does | # who -a | show who is logged on, and print: time of last system boot, dead processes, system login processes, active processes spawned by init, current runlevel, last system clock change |
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Raheel Farooq
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